ABSTRACT
Renal cell carcinomas [RCC] comprise 90% of all renal tumours and are presage of poor outcome. Very little data has been published in Pakistan regarding the clinical and pathological manifestations of the disease. A total 0/50 cases presenting with different subtypes of RCC were selected from Allied Hospital Faisalabad and Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore. Clinical details were obtained from the hospital records. The fresh nephrectomy specimens were further processed according to College of American Pathologists guidelines. Mean age of the study population was 50.16 +/- 11.982 years. Male to female ratio was 2.57:1. Left to right ratio was 1:1. Most tumours [n = 36, 72%] were located in the upper pole. Most common symptom was heamaturia [n = 38, 76%]. Mean of the greatest dimension was 10.41 +/- 4.22 cm. The most common stage of presentation was stage II [n = 21, 42%] and histological subtype was clear cell carcinoma [n = 37, 74%]. Renal cell carcinoma, including its chromophobe variant, is a growing malignancy in Pakistan. Delay in seeking medical care on the part of patient and inadequate facilities account for the tumour growing to a larger size and more advanced stage of malignancy in our country
ABSTRACT
Objectives: To find out frequency of depression among Tuberculosis [TB] patients, to study the causes of depression in them and its effect on treatment and prognosis of T.B
Study Design: Cross-Sectional Study
Study Area: Department of Chest Medicine District Head Quarters and Red Crescent T.B Hospital, Faisalabad
Duration of Study: March - May 2009. Study Population: TB patients admitted in Department of Chest Medicine DHQ and Red Crescent T.B Hospital, Faisalabad
Sample Size: Sample size was 60 TB patients
Sampling Technique: Convenience sampling technique
Data Collection Tool: Beck's Depression Inventory-II[BDI-II in Urdu] semistructured questionnaire was used for data collection for all TB patients who were able to understand it. Diagnosis was made as per Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition [DSM-IV]
Results: Depression was present in about 80% of the hospitalized TB patient. It was more common in males about 86%, while in the females it was about 71%. According to age, young and elderly patients were found to be more affected. Majority of the TB patients had moderate depression, while some had severe and mild depression. Main causes of depression among the male TB patients 24.7% were due to altered social relationship and among female TB patients 23.33% were due to TB stigma
Conclusion: It is concluded from this study that 80% patients were suffering from depression. The frequency of depression was found to be 86% among males; while 71% of the female patients were found to be depressed. Main causes of depression among the male TB patients were altered social relationship and among female patients TB stigma. Depression had adverse effect on drug compliance and TB treatment